Transportation Prepared Questions With Answers

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 Questions

1. A)  Describe the function of the root hairs. In your explanation, use each of the following words: absorb, soil particles, water, mineral salts, surface area.
B) How is a root hair cell adapted to carry out this function?

2. A)  Where are xylem vessels found?
B) What are the two functions of xylem vessels
C)  What is the most unusual thing about xylem vessels?
D) Xylem vessels have a very tough, strong material called lignin in their cel walls. Suggest how lignin helps xylem vessels to perform their two functions.

3. Rearrange the words given below in the correct order to describe the movement of water from the soil, across the root and into the xylem vessels in the centre of the root of the plant. Show the direction of the movement of water with arrows between the words.

￣￣￣￣￣￣￣￣￣￣￣￣￣￣￣￣￣￣￣￣￣
xylem   cortex   soil    epidermis    root hair
￣￣￣￣￣￣￣￣￣￣￣￣￣￣￣￣￣￣￣￣￣

4. Look at the diagram below that shows the movement of water through the root.

A) Explain, in terms of the water potential gradient, why water moves from the soil to cell A.
B) Explain, in terms of the water potential gradient, why the water moves from cell A to cell B.
C) Explain, in terms of the water potential gradient, why water moves across the cortex of the root from cell B to cell C and into cell D and enters the xylem.

5.Circle the correct word in each statement:
A) The more/less solute there is in a solution, the higher its water potential.
B) Water moves from a higher to a lower water potential/lower to a higher water potential.
C) Water moves up/down its concentration gradient.
D) The higher/lower the water potential, the greater the tendency of water to leave a system.
E) Pure water has the maximum/minimum water potential.
F) Water moves from a dilute to a concentrated solution/from a concentrated to a dilute solution.

6. The arrows X, Y and Z in the diagram show stages in transpiration from mesophyll cells to the air outside the leaf.

Words used to describe movement of water are diffusion, osmosis and evaporation. Choose from these three words the one that describes each of the following statements and complete these sentences:
A) Arrow X shows the movement of water from the vacuole of a mesophyll cell to the film of water on the cell surface.
X is________.
B) Arrow Y shovws the movement of water from the film of water on the cell surface to vapour in the air space
Y is_______.
C) Arrow Z shows the movement of water vapour from the air space to the air outside.
Z is_______.

7. Four summaries about the rate of transpiration are written below, but only two of them are correct. Tick the letter of the two correct statements.
A) more water vapour -------> decreased water potential gradients --------> slower diffusion ---------> slower transpiration rate
B) more water vapour ----------> increased water potential gradient ----------> slower diffusion ----------> slower transpiration rate
C) less water vapour -----------> increased water potential gradient -----------> slower diffusion rate ----------> slower transpiration rate
D) less water vapour -----------> increased water potential gradient -----------> faster diffusion rate ------------> faster transpiration rate

8. The diagrams below show the events of one heartbeat on one side of the heart. Use the intformation in the diagrams to complete the table below. The first one has been done for you.

9. A) The diagram above shows cross-sections of the three types of blood vessels.

I) List the differences and similarities between the structure of the three types of blood vessels.
II) Why does the artery have a thicker wall than the vein?
III) What are the functions of the artery, vein and capillary?
IV) Suggest why it is necessary for blood to go to the heart from the lungs, and not directly from the lungs to the rest of the body.
B) Choose the correct order of blood tlow from the heart and back to the heart. Circle the correct letter A, B, C or D.
A) veins ----> venules -----> arterioles -------> arteries ------> capillaries
B) arteries ------> veins ------> arterioles -------> capillaries -------> venules
C) arteries --------> arterioles ---------> capillaries --------> venule --------> veins
D) venules --------> veins --------> arterioles ---------> capillaries ---------> arteries

10. Explain why it is necessary for blood to go to the lungs.

11. Use these words to complete the passage below.
**high  low  lungs  oxygen  oxyhaemoglobin  respiratioon**
Oxygen and haemoglobin combine to form A)_____ . This happens in the alveoli of the B)______ where the oxygen concentration is C)______. Oxyhaemoglobin dissociates into haemoglobin and D)______ where the oxygen concentration is E)______. This happens where the tissues use up oxygen during the process of F______. The concentration of carbon dioxide also affects the dissociation of the G_______. When the concentration of carbon dioxide is H______, the haemoglobin releases more oxygen.

12. The diagram below shows the different types of blood cells.

White blood cells are very different in structure and function from red blood cells. Look carefully at the diagram. List three differences you can see between red and white blood cells.

13. Complete the table below by choosing the correct alternatives from the phrases in the first column.

14. A)  What are the two types of white blood cells?
B) What happens during phagocytosis?
C) Where are antibodies produced?
D) What are antigens and how do the white blood cells respond to them?

15. A) Explain the difference between natural and artificial immunity.
B) Describe two ways in which active immunity differs from passive immunity.
C) Describe two ways in which a baby can naturally acquire passive immunity.
D) Explain how a child can artificially acquire active immunity.
E) Explain why a person who has been bitten by a snake is sometimes given an injection of antibodies.

16. Choose the correct word from the list to complete the passage below.
antibodies   recipient   foreign   immunosuppressant drugs   lymphocytes    transplant operation
An organ, such as a kidney, can be taken from one person and given to another in a A)_____. The person who receives a transplant is called the B)_____. One of the problems is that the body recognises the new organ as C)______. To overcome this, the person is given D)______ to kill his or her D)______. This means the person cannot produce F)_____.

17. When will the transpiration rate of a well-watered plant be highest?
A) on a cool, dry, windy day
B) on a cool, wet, windy day
C) on a hot, dry, windy day
D) on a hot, wet, windy day

18. By which process do leaves lose water?
A) absorption
B) excretion
C) translocation
D) transpiration

19. The apparatus shown in the diagram was set up to investigate transpiration. Which plant tissue is represented by the glass tube?
A) epidermis
B) phloem
C) root hair
D) xylem

20. An investigation was carried out to measure the amount of water taken in and lost by a plant over 24 hours. The results are shown in the table below.

A) On a piece of graph paper, plot both sets of results of the investigation on the same axes. Use x to mark points for water taken in, and (●) to mark water lost.
B) At what time, apart from 17:10, are the rates of water loss and water uptake the same?
C) State how an increase in each of the following factors would affect the rate of water loss:
I) temperature
II) humidity

21.Two boiling tubes of the same size were partly filled with water. In tube A, a freshly cut, leafy shoot was placed and held in position with a piece of cotton wool. A similar piece of cotton wool was put into tube B, without the plant, as shown in the diagram below.

The total mass of tube A at this stage was tound to be 150 g, while tube B had a mass of 140 g. Tube A, standing in a laboratory, was then weighed at 10-minute intervals over the next 50 minutes. After 50 minutes, both tubes were taken outdoors and the weighing continued for tube A. The results obtained for tube A are as follows:

When the experiment was complete, tube B was also weighed and its mass was found to be 138 g.
A) Use a piece of graph paper to plot a graph of the results for tube A. Select suitable scales to make the best use of the graph paper.
B) Name one important factor that would account for the change that took place when the experiment was taken outdoors. Explain how this factor would cause the observed effect.
C) Why are the points more scattered in the second part of the graph?
D) Name the process that would account for
most of the loss of mass trom tube A.
E) What was the purpose of tube B?
F) Calculate the amount of water taken up by the plant during the course of the experiment (show your working).
G) How do you account for the small loss of mass from tube B?

22. The diagram below shows an external view of the heart.

A) What would be the effect of a blockage occurring in the coronary vessel at X?
B) State three ways in which the chance of the formation of such a blockage might be reduced.

23. The diagram below shows a section through the heart.

A) On the diagram, shade the ventricle that contains Oxygenated blood.
B) On the diagram, show with a series of arrows: the entry, the flow through, and the exit of deoxygenated blood from the heart.
C) To which major organ does deoxygenated blood go after leaving the heart?

24.Which of the following describes the red blood cells?

25.Which component of the blood remains in the blood capillaries and does not pass into tissue fluid?
A) amino acids
B) glucose
C) red blood cells
D) urea

26. A) Complete the table.

B) When a small blood vessel in the skin is cut, a blood clot soon forms. State two reasons vwhy the formation of clots is important.
C) Explain the role of fibrin in the formation of clots.
D) I) Which blood cells destroy bacteria?
    II) Describe how they do this.

27. The diagram below shows human blood cells.

A) A certain virus may cause AllDS by destroying some of the white blood cells. Which letter identifies a white blood cell?
B) State the major function of each of the other two types of blood cells shown.
C) Explain how destruction of the cells you indicated in A) results in a person becoming ill.

28. A) Describe the functions of each of the following parts of the heart:
I) right atrium
II) right ventricle
III) tricuspid valve
B) Outline the likely causes of a heart attack and suggest what preventative measures can be taken to maintain a healthy heart.

Answers

1. A) The root hairs increase the surtace area of the root. They absorb water and mineral salts, Which are found in a solution between the soil particles.
B) lts shape gives ita large surtace area. This speeds up the rate at which water and mineral salts can be absorbed from the soil.

2. A) They are found in the roots, stems and leaves of plants.
B) They transport water and mineral salts from the roots to the leaves and support the plant.
C) They are dead. They do not contain cytoplasm or any other living material.
D) The lignin helps to hold the xylem vessels firmly in shape, so that the space in the middle does not collapse inwards, which would stop water trom being transported. The lignin is very strong, and helps to support the plant.

3. soil -------> root hair -------> epidermis ------> cortex -------> xylem

4. A) Water moves from the soil to cell A by osmosis because the water has a higher water potential than the cell sap. There is a water potential gradient between the soil and cell A.
B) Cell A has a higher water potential than cell B, so water moves by osmosis from cell A to cell B, down a water potential gradient.
C) There is a water potential gradient between cells B, C and D, and between cell D and the xylem. Water is Constantly being removed from the top of the xylem vessels. This reduces the water potential gradient. Water moves down the gradient across the cells in the cortex into the xylem.

5. A) The less solute there is in a solution, the higher its water potential.
B) Water moves from a higher to a lower water potential.
C) Water moves down it's concentration gradient.
D) The higher the water potential, the greater the tendency of water to leave a system.
E) Pure water has the maximum water potential.
F) Water moves from a dilute to a concentrated solution.

6. A) X is osmosis, which describes the diffusion of water through the partially permeable tonoplast and cell surface membrane.
B) Y is evaporation, which describes the change in state of water from a liquid to a gas.
C) Z is ditfusion, which describes the free movement of water molecules or water vapour from where they are more concentrated to where they are less concentrated.

7. The correct statements are A and D.

8. 

9. 

10. Blood returning to the heart from the rest of the body is poor in oxygen and rich in carbon dioxide it is described as deoxygenated. It goes to the lungs where it gets rid of carbon dioxide and picks up oxygen, it is described as oxygenated. The two circulations are completely separate. The right side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood and the left side oxygenated blood.

11. A) oxyhaemoglobin
B) lungs
C) high
D) oxygen
E) low
F) respiration
G) oxyhaemoglobin
H) high

12. 

13. 1. phagocytosis
2. antibody formation
3. general
4. specific

14. A) Neutrophils and lymphocytes
B) Phagocytosis is when a white blood cell engulfs and destroys a disease-causing organism, such as a bacterium or virus.
C)  In the lymph nodes.
D) Antigens are molecules on the surface of pathogens. The antigens stimulate lymphocytes to produce antibodies specific to that particular antigen.

15. A) Natural immunity is when our body produces its own antibodies in response to a pathogen that has caused the disease. In artificial immunity, you are given ready-made antibodies from some other person or animal.
B) Active immunity - your body produces its own antibodies in response to a pathogen.
Passive immunity - you are given ready-made antibodies. Active immunity is long-term protection. Passive immunity is short-term protection.
C) - Antibodies pass to the baby through the placenta from the mother.
- Antibodies pass to the baby in the mother's milk.
D) In response to a vaccine as a result of immunisation; the vacine triggers the production of antibodies by the lymphocytes.
E) The antibodies have been produced by another animal, such as a horse, in response to a small dose of snake venom. These antibodies give temporary passive immunity when they are injected into a snake-bite victim.

16. A) transplant operation
B) recipient
C) foreign
D) immunosuppressant drugs
E) lymphocytes
F. antibodies

17. C

18. D

19. D

20. A) See the graph below. You will obtain marks for sensible use of scale, labelling of axes, correct plot of points and a smooth curve.

B) 05:00
C) I) An increase in temperature would increase the rate of transpiration.
II) An increase in humidity would  decrease the rate of transpiration.

21. A) See graph below.

B) Factor: wind
Cause of effect: wind increases the rate of water loss from the plant.
C) The rate of water loss changes whenever the wind changes; perhaps the wind was gusty that day.
D) Transpiration
E) Acts as a control experiment to show that the loss of water was mainly due to the leaves of the plant in tube A. There was no plant in tube B and so loss of water was minimal.
F) Water taken in - water lost by plant
= 150 g - 111 g = 39 g of water
The water taken up by the plant is 39 g.
G) A small amount of water would have evaporated through the cotton wool.

22. A) Blood cannot get to the heart muscle to supply it with oxygen, and the person might have a heart attack.
B) Any three: not smoking; eating less fatty food - less red meat, more fish; reducing stress, doing regular exercise.

23. A) The left ventricle should be shaded.
B) Your answers should show the route taken by deoxyqgenated blood only through the vena cava to the right atrium, to the right ventricle and to the pulmonary artery.
C) The Iung

24. A

25. C

26. A) 

B) - To prevent excessive loss of blood from the body.    OR
- To prevent the entry of bacteria and viruses (pathogens).
C) Blood plasma always contains a soluble protein called fibrinogen. The damaged blood vessel walls and platelets produce a protein, which reacts with fibrinogen. The fibrinogen is changed into an insoluble fibrin. Fibrin forms fibres, which trap blood cells and form a clot.
D) I) White blood cells (phagocytes and lymphocytes)
II) Phagocytes take in or engulf any foreign particles, including bacteria, and digest or break them down. Lymphocytes make chemicals called antibodies, which kill bacteria.

27. A) A
B) B -Transport oxygen
C- Help the blood to clot
C) The human immunodeficiency virus that causes AlDS changes the structure of the white blood cells and destroys them. The white blood cells can no longer help to kill the viruses and are destroyed by the viruses during the process. The patient can suffer from a variety of diseases without the white blood cells to destroy the pathogens.

28. A) I) The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body and lungs. The muscles in the wall relax to allow the blood to flow from the atria into the right ventricle.
II) The right ventricle receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium. The thick muscular walls ot the ventricle contract to pump the blood to the lungs via the pulmonary artery.
III) The tricuspid valve prevents deoxygenated blood returning to the right atrium when the ventricle contracts. Tendons prevent the tricuspid valve from being pushed into the atria.
B) The coronary artery can become narrow or completely blocked by fatty deposits that often contain cholesterol. The narrowing of the arteries reduces or stops the flow of blood to the cardiac muscle. Oxygen does not reach the cardiac muscle and the heart may stop beating. This is called a heart attack. Preventative measures include taking regular exercise, stopping smoking, losing excess weight, and eating a low-cholesterol diet that avoids foods rich in saturated animal fats.

 The end, posted by Miss Fang Xiu.