INCREASING FERTILITY Summarized Biology Notes

Methods of birth control and increasing fertility

Learning outcomes:

• Name and describe the following methods of birth control: natural, chemical, mechanical and surgical

• Describe the hormonal control of ovulation and the role of the contraceptive pill

• Discuss the social aspects of artificial insemination and the use of hormones infertility drugs

SEXUALLY TRANSM ITED DISEASES (STDs)

Learning outcomes:

• Describe the symptoms, signs, effects and treatment of gonorrhoea and syphilis

• Describe the methods of transmission of the human immuno-deficiency virus (HIV) and the ways in which it can be prevented from spreading

• Discuss the increased vulnerability of Namibians to other illness due to the increased prevalence of HIV and AIDS

• Outline the socio-economic consequences of the HIV and AIDS pandemic for Namibia

Sexually transmitted diseases

• Abbreviated as STDs also known as Sexually Transmitted Infections

• Sexually transmitted diseases are caused by pathogens.

• They are transmitted during sexual intercourse.

• Common STDs in Namibia are syphilis, gonorrhoea and AIDS

* gonorrhoea

• Is transmitted during unprotected sexual intercourse with an infected person.

• It is caused by a bacteria called Neisseria gonorrhoeae

• The bacteria multiply in the body and later cause gonorrhoea.

Prevention of gonorrhoea

Abstinence

•Using condoms during sexual intercourse

• Health education

Treatment of gonorrhoea

• Use of antibiotics i.e. Penicillin to kill bacteria.

Symptoms of gonorrhoea

IN MALES:

• Difficult in passing urine, Burning sensation when passing urine due to urethra infection

• A thick yellow discharge from the penis

IN FEMALES

• Vaginal discharge (thick discharge from the vagina)

• Pain in the lower part of the abdomen effects of gonorrhoea

IN MALES:

• Blockage of the sperm duct that may lead to infertility.

• Prostate gland infection resulting in difficulty in urinating.

IN FEMALES:

• Blockage of the oviduct that may lead to infertility

• Causes blindness to the baby when bacterium is passed from the mother to child during birth

• Babies may die soon after birth

* Syphilis

• Is transmitted during unprotected sexual intercourse with an infected person.

• It is caused by a bacteria called Treponema pallidum

• The bacteria multiply in the body and later cause syphilis.

• It develops through three stages

Prevention of syphilis

• Abstainace

• Using condoms during sexual intercourse

• Health education

Treatment of syphilis

• Use of antibiotics i.e. Penicillin to kill bacteria.

Symptoms of syphilis

STAGE 1: 10 to 20 days or 3 weeks after infection

• Small painless sore appears on penis or vulva

• Sore disappear but bacteria are still in the body multiplying

STAGE 2: 6 weeks to 6 months

• Red skin rashes develop painless not itching

• Glands (lymph) become swollen

• Fever and flu-like symptoms

• Symptoms disappear but bacteria are still in the body multiplying

STAGE 3: 6 months to 10 years later

• Damage of the nerve system leading to blindness

• Damage to the heart

• Lead to death if no treatment

* effects of syphilis

• Serious brain damage leading to insanity (madness)

• Blindness

• Paralysis

• Death

• Miscarriage

• Giving birth to blind baby

* Hiv & aids

• Is caused by the virus called HIV

• HIV: Human Immunodeficiency Virus

• AIDS: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

* It is transmitted during:

• unprotected sexual intercourse with an infected

person

• Blood transfusion

• Sharing contaminated needles and syringes with an infected person.

• Breast feeding from infected mother

• Pregnant woman across the damaged placenta

• Any blood contact with infected person

* Treatments of aids

There is no cure and vaccine for AIDS, only help to prolong life.

• ARVS: antiretroviral drugs that prolong a person's life even though will die at the end.

• Antibiotics: to weaken the cell walls and of bacteria cause them to burst, but not cytoplasm viruses.

Prevention of AIDS

• Abstain from sexual intercourse

• Using condoms during sexual intercourse (safe sex)

• Use sterilised needles, not sharing

• Test blood before blood transfusion

• Health education showing the dangers, transmission, prevention and control of AIDS

* Symptoms of aids

No specific symptoms but generally brings

• Fever and lost of appetite

• Fatigue

• Diarrhoea lasting longer than a month

• Loss of weight

• Headaches

• Neck stiffness

• Chronic coughing

• Chest pains

• Impaired vision

• Madness

• Skin sore and rash

* Effects of AIDS

• The virus destroy the immune system(white blood cells).

• Cause the person not to be able to defend or fight any other diseases such as flu, TB, pneumonia

• So the person dies due to these opportunistic infections or diseases.

* Prevention of AIDS

• Abstain from sexual intercourse

•Using condoms during sexual intercourse (safe sex)

• Use sterilised needles, not sharing

• Test blood before blood transfusion

• Health education showing the dangers, transmission, prevention and control of AIDS

* Vulnerability of namibians to other illness due to hiv & aids

• HIV virus attack the immume system and weaken it, as it destroy the white blood cells.

• This results in less antibody production and less Phagocytosis

• Therefore the immune system will be unable to fight against other opportunistic diseases and lead to death due to AIDS.

• Diseases such as: Tuberculosis (TB), Pneumonia and chronic herpes.

• We are highly vulnerable due to high rate of promiscuity(many sexual partners), alcoholism and poverty.

* Social & economic consequences of the HIV/AIDS pandemic Social problems:

• Orphans are increasing as parents die and leaving children behind leading to child headed-families.

• Stigmatism: those having AIDS treated badly at school, work or in community.

• Families and communities can not functions as young and middle age people die from AIDS.

• Families suffer as they lose loved ones.

* Economic problems:

• Young and middle people dying from AIDS: they are active work force of the country, leading to fall in economic growth.

• Unhealthy workforce results in low production and less food for the Namibian population.

• Indirect costs due to recruitment and replacement of workers

•  Cost from the government to support orphans, disturb the budget.

• Cost of anti-retroviral drugs become a burden on the government.

PRACTICE QUESTION 

1. Labe the following A to H [8] 

a) State the function(s) of parts D, G and H [4]

b) Name the hormone produce by part H [1]

c) What are the effect of the hormone named in b) of the body [4]

d) Which part on the figure in the previous slide cut during surgical method [1]

e) How does the surgical method prevent

pregnancy occurrence [1]

2. Labe the following A to G [6] 

3. Name the two hormones produced by the part

labelled B [2]

4. State another function played by part D apart from production of hormones [1]

5. State the functions of the hormones you mentioned in question number 3. [2]

6. On the diagram on the previous slide, label with letter x to show the position where fertilization can occur. [1]

8. The diagram shows developing fetus and the placenta.

a) Label part A to D [4]

b)What is the functions of the amniotic sac and fluid? [4]

c) Name any two substances that are transported in higher concentration from the mother to the fetus [2]

d) One of the function of the placenta is that it act as an endocrine gland. Explain the meaning of endocrine gland. [2]

d) Name the hormones produced by the placenta and their functions [4]

e) Explain why is not possible for a female to ovulate during pregnancy? [1]

f) State 3 advantages of breast feeing over bottle- feeding [3]

g) Describe the symptoms and effects of syphilis in females [5]

The graph shows the change in level of hormones during menstruation cycle

a) State the functions of the hormone FSH [2]

b) What is the process likely to happen on day 14

c) Why the level of LH peak on day 14 [1]

d) With the reference to the graph describe the

functions of oestrogen and progesterone. [4]

e) Using the graph, Which day do you think this

person menstruation start and why? [2]

f)Assume a certain girl started menstruation on 10th of March. What will be the next ovulation, risk days, menstruation? [3]

g) What is mean by gestation period? How long does it last in humans?

* Practice questions

Explain the meaning of the following:

a) Menstruation

b) Ovulation

c) Implantation

d) Miscarriage

Describe what happens to each of the following during the birth of a baby:

e) The muscle of the uterus

f) The cervix

g) The amniotic sac and amnion fluid

* Practice questions

Copy and complete the following sentences using the words below:

[Zygote, sexual, ovaries, uterus, Sperm cells, vagina, weeks, embryo, Fertilisation, implants]

Sperm cells enter the_____of the female during____intercourse. The sperm cells swim through the cervix and up through the____ and then enter the oviduct. An egg is made in one of the _______ about every four_________. The egg passes into the oviduct where________ may take place if_______ are present. The fertilised egg or

______ form an______ which passes down to the uterus where it______ in the lining of the uterus.

New Post coming Soon, check our ig for updates.. posted by Mrs Smith Merlin.